1.3.1. 1900年世界大戰IIHuman error was a topic of interest to the followers of Freud和 psychodynamics, to the behaviourists, and to those from the Gestalt school of psychology.Freud saw the unconscious as playing a role in behavior (e.g. the eponymous 'Freudian slip';弗洛德和布里爾 1914 年)。In early psychophysics research, the causes of error were not studied per se, but errors were used as an objectively observable measure of performance (Amalberti 2001;綠色和交換機 1966 年)。
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